RDM Chapitre 2 量化应力 Dimensionnement Contrainte

圣韦南假设

  • 奇异截面 Sections singulières 之外,应力 contraintes 只和内力相关

圣韦南问题

假设:

  • 横截面恒定的直梁
  • 同质弹性各向同性材料
  • 载荷:\(\Sigma_1\)上的扭矩\([F]\)\(\Sigma_1\)上的\([F_0]\)\([F]+[F_0]=[0]\)
  • SL上没有载荷

目标:

  • 定义一个静态可接受的\(σ(P)\)场,满足应力的兼容性方程(Beltrami)

应力

\[ \sigma(\mathrm{P})=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\sigma_{11} & \sigma_{12} & \sigma_{13} \\\sigma_{12} & 0 & 0 \\\sigma_{13} & 0 & 0\end{array}\right] \]

  • 正应力:\(\sigma_{\mathrm{n}}=\sigma_{11}\)
  • 切应力:\(\vec{\tau}=\sigma_{12} \vec{x}_2+\sigma_{13} \vec{x}_3\)

应力的方程

\[ \left\{\begin{align}&{l}\sigma_{\mathrm{ij}, \mathrm{j}}=0 \\&\sigma_{\mathrm{ij}, 11}+\frac{1}{1+v} \sigma_{\mathrm{kk}, \mathrm{ij}}=0 \\&\sigma_{\mathrm{ij}} \mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{j}} \mid \Sigma_{\mathrm{L}}=0\end{align}\right. \]

(1)局部平衡方程 Equation d’équilibre local (pas de force de volume)

(2)应力完备性条件 Equation de compatibilité en contrainte(Beltrami)

(3)边界条件 Conditions aux limites

\[ \left\{\begin{align*} { \int _ { \Sigma _ { 1 } } \sigma _ { 1 1 } \mathrm { dS } = \mathrm { F } _ { 1 } } \\{ \int _ { \Sigma _ { 1 } } \sigma _ { 1 2 } \mathrm { dS } = \mathrm { F } _ { 2 } } \\{ \int _ { \Sigma _ { 1 } } \sigma _ { 1 3 } \mathrm { dS } = \mathrm { F } _ { 3 } }\end{align*} \quad \quad \left\{\begin{align*}&\int_{\Sigma_1}\left(\mathrm{x}_2 \sigma_{13}-\mathrm{x}_3 \sigma_{12}\right) \mathrm{dS}=\mathrm{M}_1 \\&\int_{\Sigma_1} \mathrm{x}_3 \sigma_{11} \mathrm{~d} S=\mathrm{M}_2 \\&-\int_{\Sigma_1} \mathrm{x}_2 \sigma_{11} \mathrm{dS}=\mathrm{M}_3\end{align*}\right.\right. \]

应力与内力的联系

正应力

与外力的联系

\[ \sigma_{11}=\frac{F_1}{S}-\frac{M_3}{J_2} x_2+\frac{M_2}{J_3} x_3-\frac{F_2\left(L-x_1\right) x_2}{J_2}-\frac{F_3\left(L-x_1\right) x_3}{J_3} \]

\[ J_i = \int x_i^2dS \]

转化到与内力的联系-在梁模型条件下

  • 外力与内力的联系

\[ \begin{gathered}N\left(x_1\right)=-F_1 \\M_{f 2}\left(x_1\right)=-M_2+\left(L-x_1\right) F_3 \\M_{f 3}\left(x_1\right)=-M_3+\left(L-x_1\right) F_2\end{gathered} \]

  • 得到应力与内力的联系:

\[ \sigma_{11}\left(\mathrm{~s}, \mathrm{x}_2, \mathrm{x}_3\right)=-\frac{\mathrm{N}(\mathrm{s})}{\mathrm{S}}+\frac{\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{f} 3}(\mathrm{~s})}{\mathrm{J}_2} \mathrm{x}_2-\frac{\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{f} 2}(\mathrm{~s})}{\mathrm{J}_3} \mathrm{x}_3 \]

正应力的分解

  • 轴力

    • 压缩或拉伸
  • 弯矩

    • 部分拉伸部分压缩
  • 最大弯矩:

    \[ \max _{\Sigma}\left(\left|\sigma_{11}^{\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{f} 3}}\right|\right)=\left|\frac{\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{f} 3}}{\mathrm{~J}_2}\right|\left|\mathrm{x}_2\right|_{\max } \]

数量级关系

\[ \frac{\sigma_{11}^{\mathrm{N}}}{\sigma_{11 \max }^{\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{f}}}} \approx \frac{d}{L} \]

切应力 - 受扭矩的情况

切应力与扭矩的关系

\[ \sigma_{12}\left(\mathrm{x}_2, \mathrm{x}_3\right)=\frac{\mathrm{M}_1}{\mathrm{I}} \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \mathrm{x}_3} \quad \sigma_{13}\left(\mathrm{x}_2, \mathrm{x}_3\right)=-\frac{\mathrm{M}_1}{\mathrm{I}} \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \mathrm{x}_2} \]

  • 其中\(\Phi\)是一个标量函数

切应力与内力的关系

\[ \sigma_{12}\left(\mathrm{x}_2, \mathrm{x}_3\right)=-\frac{\mathrm{M}_t}{\mathrm{I}} \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \mathrm{x}_3} \quad \sigma_{13}\left(\mathrm{x}_2, \mathrm{x}_3\right)=\frac{\mathrm{M}_t}{\mathrm{I}} \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \mathrm{x}_2} \]

切应力的合成

  • 切应力的合成:\(\tau = \sigma_{12}\vec e_2+\sigma_{13}\vec e_3\)

以圆和圆环为例

  • 对于圆的情况

    \(\Phi(r,\theta) = \frac 12(R^2-r^2)\)

    \(I = 2\int_{\Sigma}\Phi \ rd\theta dr = \frac {\pi R^4}2\)

  • 其切应力:

    \(\sigma_{12} = -\frac{M_t}{\pi R^4/2}\cdot0\)

    \(\sigma_{13} = \frac{M_t}{\pi R^4/2} \cdot -r\)

    • 这里需注意柱坐标系中,\(\vec e_z\)\(\vec x_1\)的方向,\(\vec e_r \sim \vec x_2, \ \ \vec e_\theta \sim \vec x_3\)
  • 得到切应力的最大值:\(|\vec{\tau}|_{\max }=\left|M_t\right|^* \frac{2}{\pi R^3}\)

  • 对于圆环的情况

    \(\Phi(r,\theta) = \frac 12(R^2-r^2)\)

    \(I = 2\int_{R_i}^{R_e}\Phi \ rd\theta dr = \frac {\pi( R_e^4-R_i^4)}2\)

  • 其切应力:\(\sigma_{1 \mathrm{r}}=0 \quad \sigma_{1 \theta}=-\frac{\mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{I}} \mathrm{r}\)

  • 切应力的最大值:\(|\vec{\tau}|_{\max }=M_t\cdot \frac{2 R_e}{\pi\left(R_e^4-R_i^4\right)}\)

数量级关系

\[ \begin{array}{l|r|l} \mathrm{I} \approx \mathrm{d}^4 \mathrm{~A} \approx \mathrm{d}^2 & \mathrm{I} \approx \varepsilon \mathrm{d}^3 \mathrm{~A} \approx \varepsilon \mathrm{d} & \mathrm{I} \approx \varepsilon^3 \mathrm{~d} \quad \mathrm{~A} \approx \varepsilon \mathrm{d} \\ \tau_{\max } \approx \frac{F L}{d A} & \tau_{\max } \approx \frac{F L}{d A} & \tau_{\max } \approx \frac{F L}{\varepsilon A} \end{array} \]

切应力 - 受剪力的情况

切应力与剪力的关系

\[ \int_{\Gamma} \underbrace{\left(\sigma_{12} \mathrm{n}_2+\sigma_{13} \mathrm{n}_3\right)}_{\vec{\tau} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{n}}} \mathrm{d} \lambda=\frac{\mathrm{T}_2}{\mathrm{~J}_2} \mu_2(\Gamma)+\frac{\mathrm{T}_3}{\mathrm{~J}_3} \mu_3(\Gamma) \]

  • 分解:

\[ \begin{aligned}\sigma_{13}^{\mathrm{T}_3} & =\frac{\mathrm{T}_3}{\mathrm{~J}_3} \frac{\mu_3\left(\mathrm{x}_3\right)}{\mathrm{b}\left(\mathrm{x}_3\right)} \\\sigma_{12}^{\mathrm{T}_3} & =0\end{aligned} \]

\[ \begin{aligned}\sigma_{12}^{\mathrm{T}_2} & =\frac{\mathrm{T}_2}{\mathrm{~J}_2} \frac{\mu_2\left(\mathrm{x}_2\right)}{\mathrm{b}\left(\mathrm{x}_2\right)} \\\sigma_{13}^{\mathrm{T}_2} & =0\end{aligned} \]

以矩形为例

  • 矩形情况下:

    \[ \left|\begin{aligned}& b\left(x_2\right)=b \\& \mu_2\left(x_2\right)=\int_{-\frac{H}{2}}^{x_2} x_2 b d x_2=\frac{b}{2}\left(x_2^2-\frac{H^2}{4}\right) \\& J_2=\int_{-\frac{H}{2}}^{+\frac{H}{2}} x_2^2 b d x_2=\frac{b^3}{12}\end{aligned}\right. \]

  • 此时有:

\[ \begin{aligned} \sigma_{12}^{\mathrm{T}_2} & =\frac{\mathrm{T}_2}{\mathrm{~J}_2} \frac{\mu_2\left(\mathrm{x}_2\right)}{\mathrm{b}\left(\mathrm{x}_2\right)} =\frac{6 \mathrm{~T}_2}{\mathrm{bH}}\left[\left(\frac{\mathrm{x}_2}{\mathrm{H}}\right)^2-\frac{1}{4}\right]\\ \sigma_{13}^{\mathrm{T}_2} & =0 \end{aligned} \]

数量级关系

\[ \tau \approx \frac{F}{d^2}\quad\left| \quad \tau \approx \frac{F}{\varepsilon d}\right. \]

数量级关系总结:

\[ \begin{array}{|lll|}\hline \text { Effort normal 轴力 } & \mathrm{N} & \sigma_{11} \approx \frac{F}{A} \\\hline \text { Effort tranchant 剪力 } & \mathrm{T} & \tau_{\max } \approx \frac{F}{A} \\\hline \text { Moment torsion 扭矩 } & \mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{t}} & \tau_{\max } \approx \frac{F}{A} \frac{L}{d} \\\hline \text { Moment fléchissant 弯矩 } & \mathrm{M}_{\mathrm{f}} & \sigma_{11 \max } \approx \frac{F}{A} \frac{L}{d} \\\hline\end{array} \]

应力的约束

韧性材料(Matériau ductile)约束 Contrainte de Von Mises

\[ \sigma_{\mathrm{VM}}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2} \mathrm{~S}_{\mathrm{ij}} \mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{ij}}}=\sqrt{\underbrace{\sigma_{11}^2}_{\sigma_{\mathrm{n}}^2}+3(\underbrace{\sigma_{12}^2+\sigma_{13}^2}_{\tau^2})}< \sigma_e \]

脆性材料(Matériau fragile)约束 Critère de Rankine

\[ \sigma_{\mathrm{I}}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\sigma_{11}+\sqrt{\sigma_{11}^2+4 \tau^2}\right)<\sigma_{rt} \quad \sigma_{\mathrm{II}}=0 \]